Prevalence and co-infections of pathogenic bacteria in Nile tilapia broodstock farms: implications for aquaculture management in Togo.

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of E. coli, Pseudomonas spp., and Enterococcus spp. in Nile tilapia broodstock farms in Togo and their association with fish diseases. In total, 60 samples were collected from two tilapia broodstock farms, including 40 broodstock tilapia and 20 water samples. Each farm had concrete tanks supplied with water from two drills. Of the 40 fish samples, 20 were healthy, and the other 20 were diseased. Microbiological analysis of samples was conducted using standardized methods. The study revealed significant contamination in all collected water samples, detecting multiple bacterial populations. Bacterial infections were more prevalent in symptomatic fish, with 85% exhibiting co-infections (df = 1, χ2 = 7.03, p = 0.008). Contamination levels varied among sample types, with higher counts observed in wastewater (E. coli: 0-300 CFU/mL, Pseudomonas spp.: 3-300 CFU/mL, Enterococcus spp.: 0-55 × 102 CFU/mL) compared to drilling water (Pseudomonas spp.: 0-300 CFU/mL, E. coli: 3-400 CFU/mL, Enterococcus spp.: 0-14 × 102 CFU/mL), and intestinal samples (E. coli: 0-120 × 102 CFU/mL, Enterococcus spp.: 0-170 × 102 CFU/mL, Pseudomonas spp.: 0-60 × 102 CFU/mL) (df = 21, χ2 = 59.31, p < 0.000). Our findings emphasize the significant prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in Nile tilapia broodstock farms in Togo, highlighting the importance of water quality management and infection control strategies. Further studies are required to develop appropriate prevention strategies.

Quality Control of Drinking Water in the City of Ilave, Region of Puno, Peru.

The region of Puno, in Peru, is described as a region with some health conditions that may be associated with the water quality, such as a high index of anemia or cases of acute diarrhea in children. This study aimed at monitoring the drinking water quality of the city of Ilave, in Peru, and determining possible correlations between physical-chemical and microbiological parameters, and the water distribution conditions, such as the period of water availability. Physical-chemical parameters (turbidity, residual chlorine, temperature, conductivity, and pH), microbiological parameters (presence of coliforms), and heavy metals (Zn, Mn, Ni, Fe, and Cu) were determined. All the parameters quantified were within the maximum permissible limits according to Peruvian regulations, except for residual chlorine, which was, for all the treated water samples, below the recommended value of 0.5 mg/L. Coliforms that should be absent from drinking water were detected in all the household samples. These results demonstrate the need for the inclusion of additional steps of re-chlorination along the distribution system to guarantee the maintenance of residual levels of chlorine that assure the microbiological quality of water. The quality of the drinking water was not observed to correlate with the period of water availability.

Prototipo para el control sanitario internacional en el policlínico universitario "Pedro Borrás Astorga" / Prototype for international health control at Pedro Borras Astorga university polyclinic

RESUMEN Introducción: el programa de Control Sanitario Internacional implementado en Cuba permite el control y seguimiento, en todo el país, de las enfermedades endémicas y transmisibles por vectores, procedentes de otros países. Esto se realiza de forma manual, por teléfono y con el intercambio de documentos. Por ello, se decidió elaborar una herramienta informática que satisfaga las necesidades, en el Departamento de Higiene y Epidemiología del Policlínico. Objetivo: desarrollar el prototipo de una aplicación informática para el control sanitario internacional en el Departamento de Higiene y Epidemiología del Policlínico Universitario "Pedro Borrás Astorga". Métodos: la investigación obedece a un proyecto de innovación tecnológica para definir la arquitectura de la información que se gestiona durante el control sanitario internacional. Se ejecutaron las etapas de análisis y diseño de la aplicación, con el empleo de la metodología ágil para el desarrollo de software. Además, se han aplicado métodos teóricos y empíricos como el histórico-lógico, el analítico-sintético, el inductivo-deductivo, las entrevistas y el análisis documental. Resultados: se describen los primeros resultados de la investigación, a partir del estudio de las necesidades y las carencias actuales del personal del Departamento de Higiene y Epidemiología. Se desarrolló la arquitectura de la información que se gestiona para lograr el control sanitario internacional. Conclusiones: el prototipo obtenido, permitirá a los futuros programadores implementar el software necesario para apoyar al personal del departamento en la toma de decisiones, de forma significativa a la reducción de riesgos por graves epidemias, beneficiará a los profesionales con una herramienta informática que puede simplificar su trabajo, tributar a la optimización del tiempo, la gestión y la seguridad de la información.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the International Sanitary Control Program implemented in Cuba allows the control and follow-up, throughout the country, of endemic and vector-borne diseases from other countries. This is manually done, by telephone and with the exchange of documents. Therefore, it was decided to develop a computerized tool to meet the needs of the Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology of the Polyclinic. Objective: to develop the prototype of a computer application for international sanitary control in the Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology at Pedro Borras Astorga University Polyclinic. Methods: the research complies with a technological innovation project to define the architecture of the information managed during the international sanitary control. The stages of analysis and design of the application were carried out using the agile methodology for software development. In addition, theoretical and empirical methods such as historical-logical, analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, interviews and documentary analysis were applied. Results: the first results of the research are described, based on the study of the current needs and deficiencies found for the personnel of the Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology. The architecture of the information managed to achieve international sanitary control was developed. Conclusions: the prototype obtained, will allow future programmers to implement the necessary software to support the staff of the department in decision making, significantly reducing risks due to serious epidemics, it will benefit professionals with a computer tool that can simplify their work, contribute to the optimization of time, management and information security.

COVID-19 and risk assessment room for public health in four Colombian crossborder territories / COVID-19 y salas de análisis del riesgo en salud pública en cuatro departamentos fronterizos de Colombia

Introduction: Public health risk management in Colombia is led by the Instituto Nacional de Salud. In the face of the COVID-19 emergency, response actions centered on the implementation of risk analysis rooms and the strengthening of surveillance at points of entry into the country. Objective: To analyze the implementation and maintenance phases of the COVID-19 risk analysis rooms in four border departments of Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a qualitative study of public health risk analysis rooms for COVID-19. We reviewed the documentation and data generated from March to June, 2020, in the departments of Amazonas, Vichada, Guainía, and Putumayo. We did semi-structured interviews with key actors and analyzed the answers using the NVivo plus version 11 application in three cycles: open coding, identification of emerging categories, and modeling by analyzing the identified strengths and weaknesses. Results: We identified the components of the incident command structure and the relationships between the public health areas. Strengths were evidenced in the integration of the areas: the management of information in real time, the border surveillance and the capabilities of rapid response teams, while weaknesses appeared in planning, community surveillance, and risk communication processes. Conclusions: Risk analysis rooms constitute a joint effort at the national and local levels which has promoted the articulated participation of all actors in the analysis of information and the optimization of an organized response during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introducción. La gestión del riesgo de salud pública en Colombia es liderada por el Instituto Nacional de Salud. Ante la emergencia de la COVID-19, se articularon acciones de respuesta mediante salas de análisis del riesgo y se fortaleció la vigilancia en los puntos de entrada al país. Objetivo. Analizar las fases de implementación y mantenimiento de las salas de análisis del riesgo de COVID-19 en cuatro departamentos fronterizos de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio cualitativo de salas de análisis del riesgo en salud pública para COVID-19. Se revisaron la documentación y los datos generados en el periodo de marzo a junio de 2020 en Amazonas, Vichada, Guainía y Putumayo, y se hicieron entrevistas semiestructuradas a personas clave, las cuales se analizaron con el aplicativo NVivo plus, versión 11, en tres ciclos: codificación abierta, establecimiento de categorías emergentes y modelación mediante el análisis de las debilidades y fortalezas detectadas. Resultados. Se determinaron los componentes de la estructura de comando de incidentes y las relaciones entre las áreas de salud pública. Se encontraron fortalezas en la integración de las áreas, el manejo de la información en tiempo real, la vigilancia en las fronteras y las capacidades de los equipos de respuesta inmediata. Se detectaron debilidades en los procesos de planeación, vigilancia comunitaria y comunicación del riesgo. Conclusiones. Las salas de análisis del riesgo constituyen un esfuerzo conjunto del nivel local y nacional que han promovido la participación articulada de los actores, para analizar la información y optimizar la respuesta organizada durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

COVID-19 y salas de análisis del riesgo en salud pública en cuatro departamentos fronterizos de Colombia / COVID-19 and risk assessment room for public health in four Colombian crossborder territories

Introducción. La gestión del riesgo de salud pública en Colombia es liderada por el Instituto Nacional de Salud. Ante la emergencia de la COVID-19, se articularon acciones de respuesta mediante salas de análisis del riesgo y se fortaleció la vigilancia en los puntos de entrada al país. Objetivo. Analizar las fases de implementación y mantenimiento de las salas de análisis del riesgo de COVID-19 en cuatro departamentos fronterizos de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio cualitativo de salas de análisis del riesgo en salud pública para COVID-19. Se revisaron la documentación y los datos generados en el periodo de marzo a junio de 2020 en Amazonas, Vichada, Guainía y Putumayo, y se hicieron entrevistas semiestructuradas a personas clave, las cuales se analizaron con el aplicativo NVivo plus, versión 11, en tres ciclos: codificación abierta, establecimiento de categorías emergentes y modelación mediante el análisis de las debilidades y fortalezas detectadas. Resultados. Se determinaron los componentes de la estructura de comando de incidentes y las relaciones entre las áreas de salud pública. Se encontraron fortalezas en la integración de las áreas, el manejo de la información en tiempo real, la vigilancia en las fronteras y las capacidades de los equipos de respuesta inmediata. Se detectaron debilidades en los procesos de planeación, vigilancia comunitaria y comunicación del riesgo. Conclusiones. Las salas de análisis del riesgo constituyen un esfuerzo conjunto del nivel local y nacional que han promovido la participación articulada de los actores, para analizar la información y optimizar la respuesta organizada durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

Introduction: Public health risk management in Colombia is led by the Instituto Nacional de Salud. In the face of the COVID-19 emergency, response actions centered on the implementation of risk analysis rooms and the strengthening of surveillance at points of entry into the country. Objective: To analyze the implementation and maintenance phases of the COVID-19 risk analysis rooms in four border departments of Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a qualitative study of public health risk analysis rooms for COVID-19. We reviewed the documentation and data generated from March to June, 2020, in the departments of Amazonas, Vichada, Guainía, and Putumayo. We did semi-structured interviews with key actors and analyzed the answers using the NVivo plus version 11 application in three cycles: open coding, identification of emerging categories, and modeling by analyzing the identified strengths and weaknesses. Results: We identified the components of the incident command structure and the relationships between the public health areas. Strengths were evidenced in the integration of the areas: the management of information in real time, the border surveillance and the capabilities of rapid response teams, while weaknesses appeared in planning, community surveillance, and risk communication processes. Conclusions: Risk analysis rooms constitute a joint effort at the national and local levels which has promoted the articulated participation of all actors in the analysis of information and the optimization of an organized response during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Una propuesta desde el centro de Cuba sobre la cuarentena turística en la nueva normalidad / A proposal from the center of Cuba on the tourist quarantine in the New Normality Phase

RESUMEN Una vez emitidas las alertas tempranas sobre la COVID-19, Cuba comenzó a revisar todos los protocolos de actuación en frontera y las tareas del Control Sanitario Internacional que estarían contenidas en el Plan para el control y la prevención del nuevo coronavirus; se reforzaron las tres líneas de vigilancia epidemiológica, el plan con nuevas medidas y los protocolos de actuación. Se establecieron los Protocolos de Control Sanitario Internacional en la atención primaria de salud y en las instalaciones turísticas. Implementar la cuarentena con características turísticas para los viajeros que arriben a Cuba, en Fase Epidémica, de Recuperación o en Fase de Nueva Normalidad, en hoteles o instalaciones destinadas al turismo de salud, es una propuesta organizativa que fortalece el Programa Nacional de Control Sanitario Internacional para la prevención del SARS-COV-2. Estas acciones contribuirán a controlar la pandemia, evitar los rebrotes, y mantener el turismo con ingresos a la economía nacional.

ABSTRACT Once the early warnings on COVID-19 were issued, Cuba began to review all action protocols at the border and International Sanitary Control tasks that would be contained in the Plan for the control and prevention of the new coronavirus; three lines of epidemiological surveillance, the plan with new measures and the action protocols were reinforced. International Health Control Protocols were established in primary health care and in tourist facilities. Implementing the quarantine with tourist characteristics for travelers arriving in Cuba, in the Epidemic, Recovery or New Normality Phase, in hotels or facilities for health tourism, is an organizational proposal that strengthens the National Program for International Sanitary Control to prevent SARS-COV-2. These actions will help to control the pandemic, prevent outbreaks, and maintain tourism with incomes to the national economy.

Padronização de procedimentos higienicossanitários de restaurantes de culinária japonesa / Standardization of hygienic-sanitary procedures in Japanese cuisine restaurants

O presente estudo objetivou elaborar procedimentos higienicossanitários padronizados voltados especificamente para restaurantes de culinária japonesa. Para tal, foi conduzido um estudo de caso, realizado entre maio e junho de 2019, em um restaurante típico da culinária japonesa em Joinville – SC. O instrumento de coleta foi uma lista de verificação em boas práticas baseada na legislação sanitária brasileira vigente, especialmente a resolução RDC nº 216/2004 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, contendo 31 itens quanto à matéria-prima e preparação dos alimentos; armazenamento e exposição ao consumo do alimento; higiene dos utensílios e ambiente; higiene do manipulador. Dos 31 itens avaliados, verificou-se 25,8% de inconformidades no local estudado, sendo estes, em sua maioria, relacionados ao preparado do arroz temperado (gohan). Porém, a maioria dos itens estava de acordo com as recomendações ou não se aplicavam ao local. Com base nas informações obtidas com o estudo de caso, foram analisados os pontos críticos que deveriam ser destacados e então, elaborou-se um quadro com os procedimentos que devem ser padronizados, especificamente para restaurantes de cozinha japonesa, quanto aos mesmos critérios avaliados: matéria-prima e preparação dos alimentos; exposição ao consumo do alimento; higiene dos utensílios e ambiente; higiene do manipulador, a fim de garantir a qualidade higienicossanitária dos alimentos preparados. O material desenvolvido poderá ser afixado nas cozinhas para guiar os manipuladores e ser utilizado em treinamentos periódicos. Assim, o quadro de procedimentos higienicossanitários padronizados em restaurantes japoneses pode ser uma ferramenta útil para auxiliar na garantia da segurança dos alimentos, por meio das boas práticas na manipulação de alimentos.

The present study aimed to developed standardized hygienic-sanitary procedures specifically for Japanese cuisine restaurants. Thus, a case study was conducted, conducted between May and June 2019, in a traditional Japanese cuisine restaurant in Joinville – SC. The data collection instrument was a checklist on good practices based on current Brazilian sanitary legislation, especially Resolution RDC No. 216/2004 of the National Health Surveillance Agency, containing 31 items regarding raw material and food preparation; food storage and consumption exposure; hygiene of utensils and environment; handler hygiene. Of the 31 items analyzed, 25.8% of non-conformities were found in the study, most of them related to the preparation of seasoned rice (gohan). However, most items were in accordance with the recommendations or did not apply to the restaurant. Based on the information obtained from the case study, the critical points that should be highlighted were analyzed and a table was prepared with the procedures that should be standardized, specifically for Japanese cuisine restaurants, regarding the same criteria analyzed: raw materials and food preparation; exposure to food consumption; hygiene of utensils and environment; hygiene of the handler in order to guarantee the hygienic-sanitary quality of the prepared foods. The developed material can be posted in the kitchens to guide the handlers and be used in periodic training. Thus, standardized hygienic-sanitary procedures in Japanese restaurants can be a useful tool to help ensure food safety through good food handling practices.

Padronização de procedimentos higienicossanitários de restaurantes de culinária japonesa / Standardization of hygienic-sanitary procedures in japanese cuisine restaurants

O presente estudo objetivou elaborar procedimentos higienicossanitários padronizados voltados especificamente para restaurantes de culinária japonesa. Para tal, foi conduzido um estudo de caso, realizado entre maio e junho de 2019, em um restaurante típico da culinária japonesa em Joinville ­ SC. O instrumento de coleta foi uma lista de verificação em boas práticas baseada na legislação sanitária brasileira vigente, especialmente a resolução RDC nº 216/2004 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, contendo 31 itens quanto à matéria-prima e preparação dos alimentos; armazenamento e exposição ao consumo do alimento; higiene dos utensílios e ambiente; higiene do manipulador. Dos 31 itens avaliados, verificou-se 25,8% de inconformidades no local estudado, sendo estes, em sua maioria, relacionados ao preparado do arroz temperado (gohan). Porém, a maioria dos itens estava de acordo com as recomendações ou não se aplicavam ao local. Com base nas informações obtidas com o estudo de caso, foram analisados os pontos críticos que deveriam ser destacados e então, elaborou-se um quadro com os procedimentos que devem ser padronizados, especificamente para restaurantes de cozinha japonesa, quanto aos mesmos critérios avaliados: matéria-prima e preparação dos alimentos; exposição ao consumo do alimento; higiene dos utensílios e ambiente; higiene do manipulador, a fim de garantir a qualidade higienicossanitária dos alimentos preparados. O material desenvolvido poderá ser afixado nas cozinhas para guiar os manipuladores e ser utilizado em treinamentos periódicos. Assim, o quadro de procedimentos higienicossanitários padronizados em restaurantes japoneses pode ser uma ferramenta útil para auxiliar na garantia da segurança dos alimentos, por meio das boas práticas na manipulação de alimentos

The present study aimed to developed standardized hygienic-sanitary procedures specifically for Japanese cuisine restaurants. Thus, a case study was conducted, conducted between May and June 2019, in a traditional Japanese cuisine restaurant in Joinville ­ SC. The data collection instrument was a checklist on good practices based on current Brazilian sanitary legislation, especially Resolution RDC No. 216/2004 of the National Health Surveillance Agency, containing 31 items regarding raw material and food preparation; food storage and consumption exposure; hygiene of utensils and environment; handler hygiene. Of the 31 items analyzed, 25.8% of non-conformities were found in the study, most of them related to the preparation of seasoned rice (gohan). However, most items were in accordance with the recommendations or did not apply to the restaurant. Based on the information obtained from the case study, the critical points that should be highlighted were analyzed and a table was prepared with the procedures that should be standardized, specifically for Japanese cuisine restaurants, regarding the same criteria analyzed: raw materials and food preparation; exposure to food consumption; hygiene of utensils and environment; hygiene of the handler in order to guarantee the hygienic-sanitary quality of the prepared foods. The developed material can be posted in the kitchens to guide the handlers and be used in periodic training. Thus, standardized hygienic-sanitary procedures in Japanese restaurants can be a useful tool to help ensure food safety through good food handling practices

Imported malaria cases: the connection with the European ex-colonies.

BACKGROUND: Imported malaria is increasing in non-endemic areas due to the increment of international travels, migration and, probably, other unknown factors. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of malaria cases in a region of Spain; analyse the possible association between the variables of interest; compare this series with others; and evaluate the characteristics of imported malaria cases according to the country of origin, particularly cases from Equatorial Guinea (Spanish ex-colony) and from the rest of sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: A descriptive observational study was carried out with a retrospective data collection of cases of malaria reported in Aragon from 1996 to 2017. Univariate and bivariate analysis of clinical-epidemiological variables was performed. In addition, an analysis of cases from sub-Saharan Africa was carried out using logistic regression, calculating odds ratio with its 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: 609 cases of malaria were recorded in Aragon from 1996 to 2017. An autochthonous case in 2010. 50.33% were between 15 and 39 years old. 45.65% of the cases were notified of the 4-weeks 9 to 12. 82.6% reside in the main province, urban area, of which 65.4% were VFR (Visiting Friends and Relatives), 23.8% new immigrants and 10.9% travellers. The infectious Plasmodium species par excellence was Plasmodium falciparum (88%). Analysing the cases from sub-Saharan Africa (95.2% of the total), 48.1% were from Equatorial Guinea. Comparing these with the cases from the rest of sub-Saharan Africa, it was observed that the cases from the Spanish ex-colony have association with the female gender, being under 5 years old, residing in the main province (urban area) and being a new immigrant. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiological profile of imported malaria cases can be defined as VFR between 15 and 39 years old, coming from sub-Saharan Africa, particularly from Equatorial Guinea. Immigrants education about the importance of chemoprophylaxis when travelling to visit friends and relatives, emphasizing on those who are originally from the ex-colonies of destination country, is necessary; as well as to raise awareness among health professionals to make advice in consultations, specially before summer vacations.

Embarcaciones fluviales como medio de dispersión de Aedes aegypti hacia zonas fronterizas de la amazonia peruana / River boats as a means of expansion of Aedes aegypti towards border zones of the peruvian amazon

RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar el riesgo entomológico de Aedes aegypti durante el recorrido fluvial en embarcaciones con rutas fronterizas de Loreto. Materiales y métodos . La población de estudio fueron los mosquitos presentes en tres embarcaciones con rutas fronterizas en Loreto. El riesgo entomológico de Aedes se determinó mediante ovitrampas, revisión de criaderos, colecta e identificación taxonómica de mosquitos adultos. Resultados . El riesgo entomológico varió según trayecto y época. Se identificó un riesgo entomológico medio a muy alto en época de creciente y en la ruta de ida hacia las zonas fronterizas. La población vectorial predominante en época de vaciante fue Mansonia sp. (74,8%), Culex sp. (12,8%) y Aedes aegypti (0,4%); en creciente predominó Culex sp. (45,1%), Mansonia sp. (26,8%) y Aedes aegypti (19,7%). En ningún caso se evidenció Aedes albopictus. Conclusiones. Existe riesgo entomológico de moderado a alto durante la etapa de creciente en las embarcaciones fluviales que viajan desde Iquitos hacia las zonas fronterizas de Loreto. Nuestros resultados evidencian que las embarcaciones fluviales son un medio de dispersión de Aedes aegypti.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To assess the entomological risk of Aedes aegypti in boats traversing border river routes in Loreto. Materials and Methods. The study population consisted of mosquitoes present in three boats covering border routes in Loreto. The entomological risk of Aedes was determined through ovitraps, the inspection of breeding sites, and the collection and taxonomic identification of adult mosquitoes. Results. The entomological risk varied according to the route and the season. A medium to very high entomological risk was identified in the high-water season and on the outward route to the border areas. The predominant vector population in the low-water season was Mansonia sp. (74.8%), Culex sp. (12.8%), and Aedes aegypti (0.4%); in the high-water season, Culex sp. (45.1%), Mansonia sp. (26.8%), and Aedes aegypti (19.7%). In no case did we find Aedes albopictus. Conclusions. There is moderate to high entomological risk during the high-water season in riverboats traveling from Iquitos to the border areas of Loreto. Our results show that river boats are a means of expansion of Aedes aegypti.

Molecular identification and microbiological evaluation of isolates from equipments and food contact surfaces in a hospital Food and Nutrition Unit / Avaliação microbiológica e identificação molecular de isolados de equipamentos e superfícies de contato com alimentos em um hospital Unidade de Alimentação e Nutrição

Abstract The hygienic and sanitary control in Food and Nutrition Units (FNU) is considered a standard procedure to produce adequate meals and reduce the risk of foodborne diseases and hospital infections. This study aimed to evaluate the isolation and identification of bacteria from equipment and food contact surfaces in a hospital FNU as well as to evaluate the sanitary condition. Likewise, it was analyzed the adhesion of the microorganisms on polyethylene cutting boards. The presence of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, yeasts, molds, coagulase-positive staphylococci, coliform and fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli were analyzed on eating tables, countertop surfaces and cutting boards used for meat or vegetable handling, and equipment such as microwaves and refrigerators. The molecular identification it was done by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The adhesion of the microorganisms (biofilm formation) on meat and vegetable cutting boards was also evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed high numbers of all microorganisms, except for E. coli , which was not observed in the samples. The molecular analysis identified species of the Enterobacteriaceae family and species of the Pseudomonadaceae family. Scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed bacterial adhesion on the cutting board surfaces. The results obtained in this study indicated that the hygienic conditions of surfaces like plastic cutting boards and equipment in this hospital FNU were inadequate. The achievement and application of standard operating procedures could positively help in the standardization of sanitary control, reducing the microbial contamination and providing a safe food to hospitalized patients.

Resumo O controle higiênico e sanitário nas Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN) é considerado um procedimento padrão para produzir refeições adequadas e reduzir o risco de doenças transmitidas pelos alimentos e infecções hospitalares. Este estudo teve como objetivo isolar e identificar bactérias de equipamentos e superfícies de contato com alimentos em uma UAN hospitalar, bem como avaliar a condição sanitária. Do mesmo modo, analisou-se a adesão dos micro-organismos em tábuas de corte de polietileno. A presença de micro-organismos aeróbios mesófilos, leveduras, fungos, Sthapylococcus coagulase-positivos, coliformes, coliformes fecais e Escherichia coli foi analisadas na superfície de mesas do refeitório, superfícies de bancada e tábuas de corte usadas para manuseio de carne ou vegetais e, em equipamentos como micro-ondas e refrigeradores. A identificação molecular foi feita pelo sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA. A adesão dos micro-organismos (formação de biofilmes) em tábuas de corte de carne e de vegetais também foi avaliada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados mostraram elevada contagem para todos os micro-organismos analisados, exceto para E. coli, a qual não foi observada nas amostras. A análise molecular identificou espécies da família Enterobacteriaceae e Pseudomonadaceae. A análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura revelaram adesão bacteriana nas superfícies das placsa de corte. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicaram que as condições higiênicas das superfícies e de equipamentos nesta UAN hospitalar estavam inadequadas. A aplicação de procedimentos operacionais padrão poderia auxiliar positivamente na padronização do controle higiênico-sanitário, reduzindo a contaminação microbiana e fornecendo um alimento seguro para pacientes hospitalizados.

Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica dos peixes comercializados no Mercado Público das Rocas em Natal, RN

No Brasil os peixes são um dos alimentos mais consumidos no grupo dos pescados, pelo fato da maioria das pessoas não poderem consumir outro alimento do mesmo grupo, devido ao alto custo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica dos peixes comercializados no Mercado Público das Rocas na cidade de Natal-RN, discutindo-se os parâmetros higienicossanitários dos locais onde são comercializados. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa e experimental. A coleta de dados contou com análise microbiológica dos peixes comercializados em diferentes boxes onde são vendidos, aplicando-se testes presuntivo e confirmativo para Coliformes totais, Estafilococos coagulase positiva e Salmonella sp. Quanto ao resultado encontrado, observou-se, em um total de 20 amostras coletadas em dias alternados, a presença de 90% na contagem de Coliformes a 35°C de até 10

ln Brazil, fish are one of the most consumed foods in the fish group, because most people can not consume other food from the same group, due to the high cost. The objective of this work was to evaluate the microbiological quality of the fish commercialized in the Public Market of the Rocks in the city of Natal-RN, in which the hygienic sanitary parameters of the fish selling points were discussed. This is a quantitative and qualitative research. Data collection included microbiological analysis of the fish commercialized in different boxes selling the same, in which preparation and dilution were carried out, a presumptive and confirmatory test for Total Coliforms, Positive Coagulase Staphylococci and Salmonella sp. As for the result found, it was observed that in a general total of 20 samples that had collections on alternate days, where in one week 10 samples were collected, and soon after seven days the remaining 10 samples were collected, it was verified the presence of 90% in the Coliform counts at 35°C of up to 10

Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica dos peixes comercializados no mercado público das Rocas em Natal, RN

No Brasil os peixes são um dos alimentos mais consumidos no grupo dos pescados, pelo fato da maioria das pessoas não poderem consumir outro alimento do mesmo grupo, devido ao alto custo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica dos peixes comercializados no Mercado Público das Rocas na cidade de Natal-RN, discutindo-se os parâmetros higienicossanitários dos locais onde são comercializados. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa e experimental. A coleta de dados contou com análise microbiológica dos peixes comercializados em diferentes boxes onde são vendidos, aplicando-se testes presuntivo e confirmativo para Coliformes totais, Estafilococos coagulase positiva e Salmonella sp. Quanto ao resultado encontrado, observou-se, em um total de 20 amostras coletadas em dias alternados, a presença de 90% na contagem de Coliformes a 35 °C de até 10³ NMP/g, já no teste de Coliformes a 45 °C foi encontrada a quantidade de 10%, com contagem inferior a 10¹ NMP/g, e 70% apresentou contagem significativa para Estafilococos coagulase positiva, apresentado valor superior a 105 NMP/g. Vale ressaltar que há necessidade em adotar medidas de controle por parte dos manipuladores, no que diz respeito à qualidade e higienização dos boxes

In Brazil, fish are one of the most consumed foods in the fish group, because most people can not consume other food from the same group, due to the high cost. The objective of this work was to evaluate the microbiological quality of the fish commercialized in the Public Market of the Rocks in the city of Natal-RN, in which the hygienic sanitary parameters of the fish selling points were discussed. This is a quantitative and qualitative research. Data collection included microbiological analysis of the fish commercialized in different boxes selling the same, in which preparation and dilution were carried out, a presumptive and confirmatory test for Total Coliforms, Positive Coagulase Staphylococci and Salmonella sp. As for the result found, it was observed that in a general total of 20 samples that had collections on alternate days, where in one week 10 samples were collected, and soon after seven days the remaining 10 samples were collected, it was verified the presence of 90% in the Coliform counts at 35°C of up to 10³ NMP/g was observed, already in the Coliform test at 45°C was found the amount of 10%, with a count lower than 10¹ NMP/g, and in 70% presented a significant count for Staphylococcus Coagulase Positive, presenting a value higher than 105 NMP/g. It is worth mentioning that there is a need to adopt control measures on the part of the manipulators, regarding the quality of hygiene of the boxes

Complexo teníase / cisticercose: uma revisão / Complex teniasis / cysticercosis: a review

As verminoses são doenças frequentes causadas por diferentes tipos de vermes. A teníase e a cisticercose são duas entidades mórbidas distintas, causadas, respectivamente, pelas Tenia e sua forma larvária Cysticercus cellulosae. O complexo teníase/cisticercose é causado pela mesma espécie de cestódio, em fases diferentes do seu ciclo de vida. Estas verminoses podem contaminar o homem por meio de alimentos contaminados. O controle dessas doenças tem como estratégia fundamental a interrupção do ciclo de vida do parasito, por meio de controle higienicossanitário. Neste trabalho realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico, buscando ressaltar as principais características destas verminoses, sua epidemiologia, forma de diagnóstico e controle realizado pela indústria de alimentos para segurança dos consumidores.

Verminoses are common diseases caused by different types of worms. Teniasis and cysticercosis are two distinct morbid entities caused, respectively, by the Tenia and its larval form - Cysticercus cellulosae. The teniasis / cysticercosis complex is caused by the same species of cestode considering its different stages of its life cycle. Since these verminoses can contaminate humans through (contaminated) food, the control of these diseases has as its main strategy the interruption of the life cycle of the parasite, through hygienicosanitary control. This work is a bibliographical survey, seeking to highlight the main characteristics of these verminoses, its epidemiology, diagnosis and control by the food industry to prevent contamination of consumers.

Paludismo por Plasmodium falciparum. Presentación de un caso importado / Malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum. Presentation of an imported case

El paludismo o malaria es la enfermedad infecciosa tropical más frecuente del mundo y en dependencia del subtipo del Plasmodium se puede definir su distribución geográfica. La cantidad de casos reportados en los últimos años ha aumentado debido al incremento en el número de viajeros a zonas endémicas, falta de profilaxis adecuada y la prevalencia cada vez mayor de parásitos resistentes a los fármacos empleados para su tratamiento. Por tales razones se presenta el caso de un paciente con un síndrome febril agudo y antecedente epidemiológico de regresar de Angola, país donde la malaria se considera endémica, en el cual fue diagnosticado paludismo por Plasmodium falciparum. Resulta muy importante el control del paludismo importado, por el riesgo que este representa para las áreas receptivas que, como Cuba, han eliminado la enfermedad.

Malaria is the most frequent tropical infectious disease in the world and depending on the Plasmodium subtype it may be defined its geographical distribution. The number of imported cases in the last years has increased due to the augmentation of the number of travelers from endemic zones, lack of adequate prophylaxis an the prevalence of each time higher of parasites resistant to the drugs used for their treatment. For these reasons a case of acute febrile syndrome is presented and antecedent of having arrived from Angola, country where Malaria is considered endemic and he was diagnosed malaria produced by Plasmodium falciparum. The control of imported malaria is really necessary for the risk it represents on the receptive areas which, as in Cuba, have eliminated the disease.

[Update on microbiological quality assurance meat and meat products in Morocco]. / Mise au point sur l'assurance de la qualité microbiologique des viandes et des produits à base de viande au Maroc.

BACKGROUND: Food safety has become an absolute necessity in all countries. As a result, Morocco has taken several measures and actions to develop food safety and food-borne disease control. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to highlight the level of improvement in the quality assurance of meat and meat products in Morocco. METHOD: It is based on a non-exhaustive review of the regulatory texts governing food safety in the country, as well as a statistical study on establishments of meat and meat products adopting a self-checking system and approved by the National Office of Sanitary Safety of Food. RESULTS: Morocco has introduced several laws and regulations requiring sanitary control of food products. Also, the number of establishments of meat and meat products adopting a system of self-control and approved by the National Office of Sanitary Safety of Food has improved significantly. It has increased from 58 in 2007 to 273 in 2016. CONCLUSION: The adoption of self-monitoring systems allows better access to international markets, improved quality of food products and a considerable reduction in microbial contamination.

Os fundamentos para a reforma total das decisões recursais proferidas em processos de auto de infração sanitária em portos, aeroportos e fronteiras / The fundamentals for the complete reform of appeal decisions pronounced at sanitary infractions proceedings in ports, airports and borders / Los fundamentos para la reforma total de las decisiones proferidas en recurso en procesos de auto de infracción sanitaria en puertos, aeropuertos y fronteras

Objetivo ­ Conhecer os principais fundamentos que levaram a Diretoria Colegiada da Anvisa a decidir, nos anos de 2015 e 2016, pela reforma total da decisão em processos de auto de infração sanitária lavrados em portos, aeroportos e fronteiras. Métodos ­ Foi realizado estudo exploratório, descritivo-analítico, com análise bibliográfica e documental, desenvolvido a partir da análise das atas das reuniões da Diretoria Colegiada da Anvisa ocorridas nos anos de 2015 e 2016, e dos pareceres da área técnica que subsidiaram tais decisões. Resultados ­ Os resultados demonstraram que os principais fundamentos para a reforma total das decisões foram: a ausência de individualização da pena, a atipicidade da conduta, a prescrição intercorrente, a ausência de adequada manifestação do servidor autuante, a descrição da conduta de forma genérica, e a ilegitimidade passiva. Conclusões ­ Observou-se um significativo percentual de processos julgados pela Diretoria Colegiada nos anos de 2015 e 2016 que tiveram suas decisões totalmente reformadas, demonstrando a existência de falhas no procedimento administrativo para a apuração de infrações sanitárias em portos, aeroportos e fronteiras.

Objective ­ To recognize the main fundamentals that lead the Anvisa's Board of Directors to decide, between 2015 and 2016, for the totally reform of the decision at punitive administrative proceeding on sanitary violations at ports, airports and borders. Methods ­ An exploratory, descriptive-analytical study was carried out with a bibliographic and a documental research, based on the evaluation of records from the Anvisa's Board of Directors meetings occurred in 2015 and 2016 and by the reports from the technical area that based such decisions. Results ­ The results demonstrate that the main reasons for the complete reformation of the decisions were: absence of specific penalty for each violation in decisions, absence of offensive conduct, prescription, lack of adequate manifestation from the inspector, generic description of the conduct, and passive illegitimacy. Conclusion ­ A significant percentage of proceedings judged by the Board of Directors between 2015 and 2016 had their decisions completely reformed, demonstrating the occurrence of flaws in the administrative procedure for the investigation of sanitary infractions in ports, airports and borders.

: Objetivo ­ Conocer los fundamentos principales que llevaron el Directorio Colegiado de ANVISA a decidir, en los años 2015 y 2016, por la reforma total de las decisiones en los procesos de investigación de infracciones sanitarias en puertos, aeropuertos y fronteras. Métodos ­ Se realizó un estudio exploratorio, analíticodescriptivo, bibliográfico y documental, basado en la análisis de las actas de reuniones del Directorio Colegiado de ANVISA, ocurridas entre los años 2015 y 2016, y del parecer del área técnica que subsidiaron tales decisiones. Resultados ­ Los resultados demostraron que los principales fundamentos para la reforma total de las decisiones fueron: la ausencia de pena específica para cada infracción, la ausencia de conducta ofensiva, la prescripción, la ausencia de adecuada manifestación del funcionario fiscalizador, la descripción de la conducta de forma genérica, y la ilegitimidad pasiva. Conclusiones ­ Se observo un porcentaje significativo de procesos juzgados por el Directorio Colegiado, en los años 2015 y 2016, que tuvieron sus decisiones totalmente reformadas, demostrando la existencia de fallas en el procedimiento administrativo para investigación de infracciones sanitarias en puertos, aeropuertos y fronteras.

Molecular identification and microbiological evaluation of isolates from equipments and food contact surfaces in a hospital Food and Nutrition Unit

Abstract The hygienic and sanitary control in Food and Nutrition Units (FNU) is considered a standard procedure to produce adequate meals and reduce the risk of foodborne diseases and hospital infections. This study aimed to evaluate the isolation and identification of bacteria from equipment and food contact surfaces in a hospital FNU as well as to evaluate the sanitary condition. Likewise, it was analyzed the adhesion of the microorganisms on polyethylene cutting boards. The presence of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, yeasts, molds, coagulase-positive staphylococci, coliform and fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli were analyzed on eating tables, countertop surfaces and cutting boards used for meat or vegetable handling, and equipment such as microwaves and refrigerators. The molecular identification it was done by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The adhesion of the microorganisms (biofilm formation) on meat and vegetable cutting boards was also evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed high numbers of all microorganisms, except for E. coli , which was not observed in the samples. The molecular analysis identified species of the Enterobacteriaceae family and species of the Pseudomonadaceae family. Scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed bacterial adhesion on the cutting board surfaces. The results obtained in this study indicated that the hygienic conditions of surfaces like plastic cutting boards and equipment in this hospital FNU were inadequate. The achievement and application of standard operating procedures could positively help in the standardization of sanitary control, reducing the microbial contamination and providing a safe food to hospitalized patients.

Resumo O controle higiênico e sanitário nas Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN) é considerado um procedimento padrão para produzir refeições adequadas e reduzir o risco de doenças transmitidas pelos alimentos e infecções hospitalares. Este estudo teve como objetivo isolar e identificar bactérias de equipamentos e superfícies de contato com alimentos em uma UAN hospitalar, bem como avaliar a condição sanitária. Do mesmo modo, analisou-se a adesão dos micro-organismos em tábuas de corte de polietileno. A presença de micro-organismos aeróbios mesófilos, leveduras, fungos, Sthapylococcus coagulase-positivos, coliformes, coliformes fecais e Escherichia coli foi analisadas na superfície de mesas do refeitório, superfícies de bancada e tábuas de corte usadas para manuseio de carne ou vegetais e, em equipamentos como micro-ondas e refrigeradores. A identificação molecular foi feita pelo sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA. A adesão dos micro-organismos (formação de biofilmes) em tábuas de corte de carne e de vegetais também foi avaliada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados mostraram elevada contagem para todos os micro-organismos analisados, exceto para E. coli, a qual não foi observada nas amostras. A análise molecular identificou espécies da família Enterobacteriaceae e Pseudomonadaceae. A análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura revelaram adesão bacteriana nas superfícies das placsa de corte. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicaram que as condições higiênicas das superfícies e de equipamentos nesta UAN hospitalar estavam inadequadas. A aplicação de procedimentos operacionais padrão poderia auxiliar positivamente na padronização do controle higiênico-sanitário, reduzindo a contaminação microbiana e fornecendo um alimento seguro para pacientes hospitalizados.

Epizootiology of Perkinsus sp. inCrassostrea gasar oysters in polyculture with shrimps in northeastern Brazil / Epizootiologia de Perkinsus sp. em ostrasCrassostrea gasar em policultivo com camarões no Nordeste do Brasil

Abstract Bivalve culture is of considerable economic and social interest in northeastern (NE) Brazil. The polyculture is an alternative approach to traditional monoculture for reducing the environmental impact of shrimp farming and improving oyster culture. Perkinsus marinus andPerkinsus olseni were found infecting oysters in NE Brazil and can threaten oyster production. This study evaluatedPerkinsus spp. occurrence in Crassostrea gasar during all production stages. Oyster spats were produced in a hatchery and grown in shrimp ponds in Rio Grande do Norte state.Perkinsus spp. were surveyed by Ray’s fluid thioglycollate medium and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Prevalence and intensity of infection were determined in oysters until they reached 7 cm. Results showed that the broodstock was already infected by Perkinsus (60%), but the derived spats were Perkinsus-free. Oyster spats acquired Perkinsus infection when transferred to ponds. The prevalence gradually increased in the seven months following placement in ponds (73%), and then decreased to 17% by the tenth month. The infections were initially mild, but intensity increased at the final growth stage. In conclusion, it is possible to produce Perkinsus-free C. gasar oyster spats from infected broodstock, and their culture in shrimp ponds is feasible.

Resumo O cultivo de bivalves é de grande interesse econômico e social no Nordeste (NE) do Brasil. O policultivo é uma alternativa ao monocultivo tradicional de camarões para reduzir o impacto ambiental e melhorar a produção de ostras.Perkinsus marinus e Perkinsus olseni foram identificados infectando ostras no Nordeste do Brasil e representam uma ameaça a produção de ostras. Este estudo avaliou a ocorrência dePerkinsus spp. em Crassostrea gasardurante todas as fases de produção. Sementes de ostras foram produzidas em laboratório e cultivadas em viveiros de camarão no Rio Grande do Norte.Perkinsus spp. foram diagnosticados ​​com o uso do meio de tioglicolato fluido de Ray e confirmado por reação em cadeia da polimerase. A prevalência e intensidade de infecção foram determinadas em ostras até atingirem 7 cm. Os resultados mostraram que os reprodutores encontravam-se infectados porPerkinsus (60%), mas as sementes produzidas estavam livres de Perkinsus. As sementes adquiriram a infecção porPerkinsus quando transferidas para os viveiros. A prevalência aumentou gradualmente nos sete meses após a colocação nos viveiros (73%) e, em seguida, diminuiu para 17% até o décimo mês. As infecções foram inicialmente leves, mas aumentaram até a fase final do crescimento. Em conclusão, é possível produzir sementes de ostras C. gasarlivres de Perkinsus a partir de reprodutores infectados e seu cultivo em viveiros de camarão é viável.

Reflexões sobre o modelo de fiscalização sanitária nos portos, aeroportos e fronteiras do Brasi / Reflections about the sanitary inspection in ports, airports and borders of Brazil

A pesquisa teve como objetivo o estímulo à reflexão sobre os limitantes do controle sanitário dos portos, aeroportos e fronteiras, mediante a apresentação de uma análise do modelo de fiscalização sanitária exercido nas áreas de portos, aeroportos, fronteiras e recintos alfandegados do país. Foi feita uma análise dos dados de inspeções em ambientes e produtos, no espaço territorial da pesquisa. A fonte de pesquisa foi o sistema informatizado intitulado Programa Estatístico de Portos, Aeroportos e Fronteiras (ESTATPAF). Os resultados reforçam a ideia de que a responsabilidade sobre o estágio em que se encontra a fiscalização sanitária dos portos, aeroportos e pontos de fronteiras do país, ao invés de recair sobre a organização do Estado recai, principalmente, sobre o modelo de gestão da Anvisa, no caso específico, sobre a gestão da fiscalização sanitária exercida nos portos, aeroportos e fronteiras

The study aimed to stimulate reflection on limiting the sanitary control of ports, airports and borders, by presenting an analysis of the health model exercised in the areas of ports, airports, borders and customs areas of the country. an analysis of inspection data was made in environments and products, in the territorial space of the research. The research source was the electronic system called Statistical Programme of Ports, Airports and Borders (ESTATPAF). The results reinforce the idea that the responsibility of the status of which is the sanitary inspection of ports, airports and border points of the country, instead of falling back on the state organization rests mainly on the model management of ANVISA, in the specific case, on the management of health review carried out in ports, airports and borders

La investigación tuvo como objetivo estimular la reflexión sobre la limitación del control sanitario de los puertos, aeropuertos y fronteras, mediante la presentación de un análisis del modelo de fiscalizacíon ejercido en las áreas de puertos, aeropuertos, fronteras y zonas aduaneras del país. Un análisis de los datos de la inspección fue tomada en entornos y productos, en el espacio territorial de la investigación. La fuente de investigación fue el sistema electrónico llamado Programa Estadístico de Puertos, Aeropuertos y Fronteras (ESTATPAF). Los resultados refuerzan la idea que la responsabilidad de la situación recae sobre la inspección sanitaria de puertos, aeropuertos y puntos fronterizos del país, al revés de estar sobre la organización del Estado y principalmente en el modelo de gestión de la ANVISA en el caso concreto, sobre la gestión de revisión sanitaria efectuada en puertos, aeropuertos y fronteras.